In this work, the thermodynamic equilibrium involved in the steam reforming of phenol to produce hydrogen has been examined. The mole fraction of the hydrogen depends on several process variables, such as system pressure, temperature, and ratio of reactants. The first step to understanding the effects of the aforementioned variables is a complete thermodynamic analysis. In this study, a thermodynamic equilibrium analysis has been performed for the steam reforming process of phenol over the following variable ranges: pressure 1atm, temperature 100–1200 oC and phenol concentration in the feed ratio 2%–20%. The non-stoichiometric formulation has been used. The equilibrium concentrations of different compounds were calculated by the method of direct minimization of the Gibbs free energy. The results show that the phenol conversion and the hydrogen mole fraction increased at lower phenol concentration in the feed. The best condition for coke production was at 10% phenol concentration which produced less coke.
Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Environmental Research and Clean Energy Centre (ERCE), Libya
Islamic Azad University of Mahshahr, Mahshahr, Iran
This paper proposes feature selection approach (FSA) for static security evaluation (SSE) and classification. Data are generated on (30, 57, 118 and 300) bus IEEE test systems used to design the classifiers. Empirically, with the present of FSA, the implementation results indicate that these classifiers have the capability for system security evaluation and classification. Lastly, FSA is efficient and effective approach for real-time evaluation and classification classifier design.
Environmental Research and Clean Energy Centre (ERCE), Libya
Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Thermodynamic equilibrium for glycerol steam reforming to hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene and ethane was investigated using Gibbs free energy minimization method. As a result, several intermediate byproducts are formed and end up in the product stream affecting final purity of the hydrogen produced. Furthermore, the yield of the hydrogen depends on several process variables, such as system pressure, temperature, and ratio of reactants. The first step to understanding the effects of the aforementioned variables is a complete thermodynamic analysis. In this study, a thermodynamic equilibrium analysis has been performed for the steam reforming process of glycerol over the following variable ranges: temperature 600–1000 K, and water-to-glycerol feed ratio 2-10%. The equilibrium concentrations of different compounds were calculated by the method of direct minimization of the Gibbs free energy. The study revealed that the best conditions for producing hydrogen is at a temperature >600 oC, atmospheric pressure, and a molar ratio of water to glycerol of 10%. Under these conditions methane production is minimized, and the carbon formation is thermodynamically inhibited.
Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Environmental Research and Clean Energy Centre (ERCE), Libya
Islamic Azad University of Mahshahr, Mahshahr, Iran